A Historical Study of QMAI

青岛的历史可追溯至新石器时期，约 7000 年前东方民族东夷之地的原始部落居民在这片土地上集群而居，劳作生息。“东夷人，腰挎弓箭……粗犷勇武，仁义柔顺”，“东夷人勇武有力，是出名的武士”。《说文·通训定声》曰：“夷，东方之人也，好战，好猎，故字从大持弓会意”，是典型的猎人形象。“后羿射日”族源神话也是反映东夷先民生活射猎的风习 [2] 。蚩尤作“五兵：戈、殳、戟、酋矛、夷矛” [3]（P164）被称为“兵器始祖”，东夷人曾统一于以蚩尤为军事首领 的部落联盟之中，遍及现山东全省、苏皖北部、辽东半岛、冀南部、豫东地区，历经后李文化、北辛文化、大汶口文化、龙山文化至到岳石文化，可以说当时的东夷文化在人类中最先进文化之一。在古代神话传说时期的山东区域住民在围猎技艺、巢居、造字等方面就有地域文化的先进性。春秋战国时期，齐国为了成就霸业，提倡拳勇、隆技击，就是重视提拔武艺、勇力、徒手搏击擅长之人，要求“股肱之力、筋骨秀出于众者，有则一告；有而不以告者，谓之蔽才，其罪五”（《国语·齐语》），终为春秋五霸之首、战国七雄之一。齐国武风、武技及其先进的军事思想技影响深远。

The history of Qingdao can be traced back to the Neolithic period. Around 7,000 years ago, primitive tribal inhabitants known as the Dongyi (lit: “Eastern Barbarians”) resided in clusters on this land where they lived and worked. Based on ancient literary records, “Dongyi people, with bows and arrows at their waists, were rugged and brave, benevolent and congenial”; “Dongyi were courageous, strong, distinguished warriors.” According to the Shuowen Tongxun Dingsheng (a study on the Shuowen Jiezi published in 1833), “Dongyi, the people of east China, were adept at warfare and hunting.” As a result, the Chinese “yi” (夷) character became an associative compound of the word “big” (“大,” depicted as a man standing with his arms outstretched) holding or drawing back a “bow” (弓), i.e, the typical image of a hunter. “Hou Yi Shoots the Suns,” a Chinese myth with ethnic origins, also reflects the shooting and hunting habits in the lives of the first Dongyi people. ² Chi You, known as “The Father of Weapons” who created “five weapons, the dagger-axe, mace-spear, halberd, long spear, and tribal spear,” ³ (p. 164) was a military leader of, and had a tribal alliance with, the Dongyi that spread throughout Shandong province, northern Suwan, Liaodong Peninsula, southern Ji, and eastern Henan. Having experienced the Houli, Beixin, Dawenkou, Longshan, and Yakeshi cultures, the Dongyi arguably had one of the most advanced cultures in human history. In ancient mythological times, the indigenous peoples of Shandong already achieved a notable level of development in hunting, shelter building, and language usage. The State of Qi valued those skilled in martial arts, bravery, and hand-to-hand combat, requiring that (in “Mandarin – Qi Language”), “People with strong muscles and bones, who stand out from the crowd, must report themselves, for individuals who possess such talents yet withhold them, commit a crime subject to the Five Punishments”; it was the first of the Five Hegemons (aka. “five hegemonic lords”) in the Spring and Autumn period, as well as one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States period. Qi martial culture, martial techniques, and advanced military thinking have had deep and profound influences.

青岛大部地区属齐国，今黄岛区有古齐长城遗迹，胶南沿海一带属鲁国，横跨齐鲁两国地域，兼有齐文化与鲁文化遗风，佩剑成为两国文人武士尚武的标志。孔子传授弟子六艺，“乐”之中的“武舞”“射与御”教学内容与武艺相关，《礼记·射义》载孔子射于矍相之圃，盖观者如堵墙，可见齐鲁“尚武勇”之风盛行。“有文事者必有武备，有武备者必有文备” [4]（P1909）培养文武兼有的“勇士卞庄子、执矛杀敌的子路、仗剑保护孔子的公良孺”[5]，后经两汉三国南北朝时期，民族大融合、大迁徙，民族间文化交流，齐鲁武术体系更加完善，角力、角抵、骑射得到进一步发展。

Most of Qingdao had originally belonged to the Qi State. Today, in Huangdao district (aka. “Qingdao West Coast”), there are still ancient relics from The Great Wall of Qi (the oldest existing Great Wall in China). The Jiaonan coastal area, which was part of the Lu State, straddled Qi territory, hence Qingdao’s legacy developed to embody characteristics of both Qi and Lu cultures (collectively referred to as “Qilu”). Confucius, who imparted the Six Arts to his pupils, including the “enjoyment” found in “martial routines” and the martial value of “archery and charioteering,” taught them subjects pertaining to martial arts. According to the Book of Rites, when Confucius was once conducting an archery demonstration in a vegetable garden, the spectators crowded around him as if they were making a large wall, illustrating the spirit of valor and courage prevalent in both Qi and Lu cultures at the time. In order to cultivate literary “martial warriors” [they believed], “People versed in literature must be proficient at martial arts, [just as] people adept at martial arts must be versed in literature,” ⁴ such as “the warrior Bian Zhuangzi, the spear-wielding, enemy-killing Zi Lu, and the sword-wielding, Confucius-protecting Gong Liangru.” ⁵ Later, during the Han Dynasty, Three Kingdoms, and Southern and Northern dynasties, the martial arts systems of Qilu advanced in their wrestling, strength contests, archery, and charioteering skills, and grew even more comprehensive due to the widespread integration of all the various migrating ethnic groups and cultural exchanges between them.

青岛三面环海，历来是海边戍防重镇，也是倭人入寇海滨郡县之处。从元朝末年山东沿海一带（也包括现在的青岛地域）就遭到倭寇的侵袭，到了明朝倭寇袭扰愈演愈烈。为抗击倭寇、卫戍海防，朱元璋于洪武元（公元 1368 年）下诏全国郡县设立卫所军事建制。

Surrounded on three sides by water, Qingdao has historically always been a strategic coastal garrison town where the Japanese landed to invade seaside counties. Ever since the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the coastal areas around Shandong (including what is now Qingdao City) have endured attacks from Japanese invaders, which increased in intensity during the Ming Dynasty. As part of the effort to repel the Japanese pirates and protect the country’s coastline, the Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang) issued an imperial edict (1368 AD) requiring that all counties in the country establish military guards and battalions.

初“革元旧制，自京师达于郡县，皆立卫所……一郡者设所，连郡者设卫，大率五千六百人为卫，千一百二十人为千户所，百十有二人为百户所”这样青岛设立了两卫五所，并从全国各地调集了武官军户组建了水、陆两军。青岛原住民较少，明政府多次从云南、山西、河南等地往青岛迁徙移民，增加住民人口，他们与青岛原住民、军户屯兵一起开荒务农、习武操练，防御倭寇进犯，过着“战时为军，闲时为农”的生活，当地的习武之风便是由此而起。

Initially, “During the reforms to the old system, guards and battalions were set up in the capital and all the counties: one county with one guard, and several counties with one battalion. Guards consisted of 5,600 soldiers, battalions of 1,120 soldiers, and companies of 112 soldiers.” Accordingly, Qingdao established two guards and five battalions and began recruiting military personnel from around the country to create an army and a navy. Since Qingdao had few native residents, the Ming government kept transferring people from Yunnan, Shanxi, Henan, and other areas over to boost the local population. In an effort to defend Qingdao against the Japanese invaders and live a life dedicated to “fighting in war times and farming in peace times,” the government, native residents, and military personnel all worked together to clear the land for farming and to train martial arts. This is the way Qingdao’s local martial arts culture first started to develop.

崂山道教武术从明至今已有 600 多年的历史，《太清宫志》记载张三丰为崂山道教开山祖师之一，是崂山武当派拳术之师祖，三到崂山，把武当派刚柔并济的剑法、拳术，内外兼修的气功与点穴等独门武术倾囊传授与崂山道士，乃开崂山习武修道之先河。崂山道教武术是中国道教武术的重要门派之一，与崂山道教音乐合称崂山道教“两大精髓”。崂山道教武术主要特点是腿法变化万千，拳法以柔为主，柔中有刚，刚柔并济。崂山道教武术也是青岛最早的武术拳种传承流派之一，影响武术代表人物张三丰、孙玄清及现代的匡常修。匡常修之孙匡如湖嫡传崂山道教玄真内家拳，致力于崂山道教武术的推广，崂山道教武术于 2010 年 4 月入选山东省第二批非物质文化遗产名录。另据以“源流有序、拳理明晰、风格独特、自成体系”的拳种传承详细记载武术人物和传人的是清朝乾隆年间崂山惜福镇傅家埠的傅士古，字商贤，自幼爱武，拜莱阳许青云为师，与莱阳的孙可扬、宋允通合称‘胶东三杰’，精通‘仙人拱手’气功和双龙剑、三花刀、太极刀、拳械等” [6]（P9），傅家埠一村武术兴盛时达到拳房 13 处之多。傅士古短拳现入选市区两级非物质文化遗产保护名录及成立了傅氏拳法文化遗产保护中心，为普及传承服务社会设立了固定的场所。

From the Ming Dynasty to the present day, the history of Laoshan Daoist martial arts has spanned more than 600 years. According to Taiqing Palace Chronicles, Zhang Sanfeng was one of the founders of Laoshan Daoism and the progenitor of the Laoshan Wudang School of Boxing. After arriving in Laoshan, Zhang began teaching Laoshan Daoist monks the martial arts of the Wudang School, including sword skills, integrating hardness with softness, boxing techniques, internal and external martial arts, qigong, and acupressure, thereby laying the foundation for the practice of both martial arts and Daoism in the Laoshan region. Laoshan Daoist martial arts, a major branch of Chinese Daoist martial arts, together with Laoshan Daoist music, one of the “two essences” of Laoshan Daoism, feature “an array of kicks suitable for offensive and defensive scenarios, techniques rooted in softness that conceal hardness, and the temperament of blending rigidity and flexibility together harmoniously. As one of Qingdao’s earliest martial arts heritages, Laoshan Daoist martial arts have influenced the training of notable martial arts figures like Zhang Sanfeng, Sun Xuanqing, and more contemporary, Kuang Changxiu. Today, Kuang’s grandson, Kuang Ruhu, is still dedicated to the promotion of Laoshan Daoist martial arts, which were selected as part of Shandong’s second batch of intangible cultural heritage. In addition, during the Qianlong period of the Qing dynasty, based on “clear origins, well–defined theories, a unique style, and self–contained system“ detailed in the records of Fu Shigu (courtesy name “Shang Xian,” from Fujiabu village, Xifu town, Laoshan District), Fu was a passionate martial arts enthusiast in his youth who studied under Xu Qingyun, Song Keyang, and Song Yuntong from Laiyang (colloquially, the “Three Heroes of Jiaodong”), and was adept at qigong, Double Dragon Sword, Three Flower Sword, Taiji Sword, and other weaponry. ⁶ At its peak, Fujiabu had as many as 13 martial arts practice rooms. Now, Fu Style Short Boxing has been officially included in the register of municipal and district intangible cultural heritages, and to ensure its popularization, continuation, and service to the community, the Fu Boxing Cultural Heritage Protection Center has also been established.

清政府末在青岛设立海防基地，用作边防军事驻地，以胶州湾为基地，防止外敌侵占胶州湾登陆内地，主要任务是防御海上入侵之敌。由于总兵衙门的建立，后经德国军队侵占成为租借地，通讯设施已成立电报房、邮政局，使已初步繁荣的港口成为一个市镇，使青岛的历史进入了一个新的时期。青岛在工商业繁荣、渔行业发达的情况下，社会文化也很活跃。每到传统节日，天后宫和附近都有戏剧演出，“自元旦至元宵，日日人群络绎，杂耍、小场、大书、兆姑、梆柳、秧歌、江湖把式无所不有” [7]（P3），可见这时的青岛已是繁华的市镇，江湖三教九流人士自身就有武艺精通的人，他们走南闯北没有过人的防身武艺是无法立身的。明朝抗倭名将戚继光曾担任登州卫指挥佥事、都指挥佥事，督察山东胶东沿海备倭屯田、训练军事等，对来自蓬莱、威海一带总兵衙门驻扎的军士居民习武遗风影响甚大。驻防兵士在军营还经常举办各种武术训练、竞技比赛等活动，随着结束兵营生活，部分人员回到原籍也有留置青岛当地发展，为武术的传承留下了种子。他们忙时种田闲时教孩子习文练武，为后代兴武很大的推进作用，这一期间涌现了颇有造诣的“戚家拳”“戚家棍”“戚门十三剑”等拳师，为青岛早期武术的发展奠定了坚实的基础。

At the end of the Qing government, a coastal defense base was constructed in Qingdao (aka. “Yamen of Qingdao”) as a border defense military station mainly tasked with defending against invasions from the sea to prevent foreign enemies from invading Jiaozhou Bay and landing in mainland China. To build this walled compound, later included in the land leased to the occupying German army (1897), communications facilities were set up as telecommunication rooms and post offices, turning the already prosperous Qingdao port area into a municipality and bringing the history of Qingdao into a whole new era. With business booming and advances in the fishing industry, Qingdao was socially and culturally very active. With business booming and advances in the fishing industry, Qingdao was socially and culturally vibrant. For every traditional festival, theatrical performances were held in and around the Tianhou Palace. “From New Year’s Day until the Lantern Festival, crowds were inundated, day in and out, with jugglers, concession stands, books, fortune tellers, local operas, singing, and dancing everywhere,” ⁷ indicating that Qingdao had already become a flourishing town by this point. The “3 major schools and 9 levels” included those proficient in martial arts, who needed to be adept at martial arts, if they wanted to survive as they explored the country. Qi Jiguang, a famous anti-Japanese general of the Ming Dynasty, who served as Commander of the Dengzhou Garrison in charge of military affairs, was tasked with supervising the military training against the Japanese bases in Shandong Province along the Jiaodong coast. As a result of the martial arts seminars and skills competitions he often held at these military camps, his efforts had a massive impact on the martial arts training of the soldiers stationed in the administrative offices around Penglai and Weihai. When military camp life ended, some of the soldiers returned to their hometowns, where they also continued to share their martial knowledge. They kept themselves busy farming and teaching their children martial arts and literature in their spare time, playing a key role in preserving and promoting the arts for future generations. During this period, notable masters taught Qi Family Boxing, Qi Family Staff, and Qi Family Sword (aka. “Qi 13-Sword”), further helping to lay a strong foundation for the early development of martial arts in the Qingdao area.

二、青岛国术馆创立及其影响 
2. QMAI’s founding and influences

（一）青岛国术馆之创立
(1) Founding the Qingdao Martial Arts Institute

从清朝设立驻军海防基地到青岛开埠被德军侵占 17 年，青岛区域武术仅限于师徒、宗族血缘秘密之间相传承，崂山盛传的道教武术、螳螂拳等也是私下传承，都没有公开的传授武术。清朝是禁止民间练习武术的，袁世凯担任山东巡抚时期爆发了义和团运动，对境内练拳习武更加严管。青岛最早的武术组织“中华武术会”是张石麟、宋铭之邀请有关人士于 1911 年成立，但昙花一现很快凋零。根据山东武术志中记载：辛亥革命发生后，政府为了训练军警体质能打胜仗和培养学校师资，解禁民间习武培养会武人才，尚武之风渐盛。其中军政当局系统以马良四十七旅旅长兼济南卫戍司令为代表，1914 年在济南成立山东省军士武术传习所，也称之为“中华新武术”，随之于 1917 年改名为山东省武术传习所，聘请了全省乃至全国的武术高手，如杨鸿修、李存义、常秉章等不分门派，各种拳械、流派任其传授，促进了武术的交流和发展。

From the Qing Dynasty‘s establishment of garrison naval defense bases, all the way to the start of the German army‘s 17–year occupation of Qingdao, the martial arts of Qingdao were restricted to martial arts teachers, their disciples, clans, and bloodlines. In Laoshan, Daoist and Mantis Boxing martial arts were also circulated in private. When the Qing Dynasty prohibited the training of martial arts, Yuan Shikai, Shandong’s governor at the beginning of the Boxer Rebellion, strictly controlled the practice of martial arts in the territory. The earliest martial arts organization, the “Chinese Martial Arts Association,” which had been established in Qingdao in 1911 by Zhang Shilin and Song Mingzhi, was short-lived and soon abandoned. According to Annals of Shandong Martial Arts, the ROC government lifted the ban on civilian martial arts and began developing martial arts talents to train the military and police to be physically capable of winning battles, as well as to produce competent school teachers. In Jinan, in 1914, civil and military authorities represented by Ma Liang, commander of the 47ᵗʰ Brigade and Jinan Garrison, founded the Shandong Provincial Military Martial Arts Training Center, referred to as “New Chinese Wushu,” which, in 1917, was renamed the “Shandong Provincial Martial Arts Training Center,” where masters from all over the province and even the whole country were enlisted, such as Yang Hongxiu, Li Cunyi, Chang Bingzhang, etc. These masters passed down their martial arts skills, helped to promote martial arts exchanges, and developed martial arts curriculums without focusing too heavily on any specific school or style.

在 1919 年著名武术家王子平率济南武术传习所武术表演团来青岛，齐燕会馆公开表演武术，武术活动才在青岛社会公开化。山东武术传习所于 1922 年解散后，总教习韩愧生带领王子平、常秉毅、杨明斋、李存义等多人来青岛公开开馆授徒传习武术 [6]（P10-11），青岛习武之风渐盛，武术事业开始繁荣，多门派的武术内容促进了青岛武术的发展。1923 年，韩愧生租借“齐燕会馆”礼堂背面，成立“国技学社”以授孙膑拳为主，成为青岛武术人士最早研讨传授武术场所；王子平、沙吉福在芝罘路“三江会馆”组织了“中华武术社”以教查拳为主；杨明斋在中学、小学开设了孙膑拳、查拳课程，也利用晚上时间传授武术。一直在青岛流传的螳螂拳拳师钟瑞臣、刘殿奎、张克勤等也在各自的住所附近设场传授武术，随之，一些教场发展起来了。1922 年北洋政府从日本人手中收回青岛主权，根据条约只准中国驻扎海军和警察保安大队，不准驻陆军，仅依靠警察维持秩序。日本侨民及开办的工厂到处皆是，他们保有特权，大批日本浪人横行霸道，气焰极其嚣张。于是老百姓自发练武、各工厂工人聘请武术教练习武，增加与日本浪人自卫对抗的能力，后政府拨经费予以支持，武术渐渐渗透到岛城各个领域，形成一种与日本浪人对抗的民间力量，是战场外无硝烟的战争。

In 1919, after renowned martial arts master Wang Ziping led the performance of a martial arts troupe from the Jinan–based training center at the Qiyan Assembly Hall, martial arts activities, in turn, became widely accessible to the public. In 1922, once the Shandong Martial Arts Training Center disbanded, the head instructor, Han Kuisheng, brought Wang Ziping, Chang Bingyi, Yang Mingzhai, Li Cunyi, and others to Qingdao to open training venues where they instructed their disciples in martial arts. ⁶ As the culture of martial arts in Qingdao blossomed, the career opportunities related to the industry grew, and content from various martial arts schools was used to boost the promotion of martial arts within the city. In 1923, Han Kuisheng rented out the back of the Qiyan Assembly Hall’s auditorium, where he founded the National Arts Society and mainly taught Sun Bin Boxing, i.e., the first space for martial artists in Qingdao to learn and impart their knowledge; the Chinese Martial Arts Club was organized by Wang Ziping and Sha Jifu at the Sanjiang Assembly Hall on Zhifu Road, where he taught Cha Boxing; Yang Mingzhai set up Sun Bin Boxing and Cha Boxing courses in Qingdao’s primary and secondary schools, and also taught martial arts during the evenings; and, Praying Mantis Boxing masters Zhong Ruichen, Liu Diankui, Zhang Keqin, and others, who were teaching in Qingdao, established their own martial arts workshops nearby their homes, resulting in the opening of even more teaching venues. In 1922, the Beiyang Government reclaimed Qingdao’s sovereignty from the Japanese, but China, according to the treaty, was only permitted to station its navy and police security brigade in Qingdao, so needed to rely on the police to maintain order, instead of its army. By then, Japanese expatriates and their factories were ubiquitous. Not only did they enjoy special privileges, but there were large numbers of domineering, extremely arrogant Japanese ronin rampant in the area. Consequently, average people started to learn martial arts entirely of their own volition. To defend themselves against the Japanese ronin, factory workers invited martial arts teachers to come and instruct them. Later, the government also allocated funds for the study of martial arts, until martial arts had gradually seeped into all areas of life, creating a civil force to combat the Japanese ronin off the battlefield and with no need for gunpowder.

清朝末年梁启超就认识到中国的落后和被压迫是缺少“尚武”精神与民族精神之孱弱，激情写下名著《中国之武士道》，其在自序写到“：泰西日本人常言，中国之历史，不武之历史；中国之民族，不武之民族也……，中国民族之武，其最初之天性也；中国民族之不武，则第二之天性也。” [8]（P5）蔡锷的“以救国为根本目标、尚武为内在精神、军事为教育内容、强民为基本途径的军国民思想”，此师生两人通过“尚武救国”以求达到“身强、种强、族强、国强”，使民族不再受外人欺凌。此二人“军国民思想”与 1927 年北伐成功后，曾是西北军五虎将之首、西北军代总司令的张之江提出的“强种强国，御侮图存”[9]（P56）救国思想一致，张之江离开军队后只在国民政府任委员，提出“国术是中华民族所固有的国粹，应将其由民间推向上层”，随后，开始筹办国术研究馆。最终，由国民政府“第 174 号令”批准备案，建立中央国术馆，国民政府直接领导不受教育部的管辖，经费由国库开支，并将武术改称“国术”的申请，以提高武术的重要性，1928 年3 月24 日，中央国术馆正式成立并行文各省、市建立国术馆体系。青岛武术界经过筹备，以租馆陶路 6 号“齐燕会馆”的场所，“青岛武术馆”于 1929 年 9 月12 日由马福祥任馆长正式成立，纳入政府管理，因没有固定的活动场所，先后租借商河路仓库做活动场所，直到 1933 年，东北军海军副司令沈鸿烈任青岛特别市市长才开始筹建国术馆并任馆长。由市政府出面集资建主楼（三层）一座，平房三座，占地 3000 多平方米，楼四周均有大小不同的空地，设有沙坑、单双杠、拉力带、石锁、石担等训练辅助器材，当时设施、场地规模在全国一流的。国术馆教员均来自武术界名人，杨明斋、高凤岭、常秉毅、秘道生、尹玉章、纪炎昌、韩冠英等在此任教。

At the end of the Qing dynasty, Liang Qichao, who recognized China’s backwardness and oppression derived from its lack of martial spirit and weak national spirit, passionately wrote the famous Bushido in China, that, in the author’s preface, notes, “Europeans and Japanese often say the history of China is one without war; China is also a non-martial nation. The way of the warrior represents China’s original nature; the non-martiality of the nation represents China’s second nature.” ⁸ Based on Cai E’s “military-national ideology with national salvation as the fundamental goal, martial arts as the inherent spirit, military as the educational content, and strengthening of the people as the basic shortcut,” by “saving the country through martial arts” both teacher and student seek to achieve “a strong body, a strong race, a strong nationality, and a strong country,” making it so the nation will no be longer bullied by outsiders. The “military nationalist ideology” of these individuals was in line with the concept promoted following the successful Northern Expedition in 1927 by Zhang Zhijiang, head of the Five Tiger Generals and acting Commander–in–Chief of the Northwest Army, of “strengthening the nation by strengthening the people and defending against foreign aggression by defending against insults.“ ⁹ After he left the military and began serving as a member of the Nationalist Government, Zhang said, “Martial arts are the essence of the Chinese nation and should be promoted from the private sector to the leadership.” Eventually, by Decree No. 174, the Nationalist Government approved the establishment of the Central Martial Arts Institute, not under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, but under the direct leadership of the Nationalist Government, and funded it through the National Treasury. On March 24, 1928, when the Central Martial Arts Institute formally started accepting students, official communications were sent out to all provinces and cities instructing them to set up a system of national martial arts schools. Once the martial arts world had made its preparations, the “Qingdao Martial Arts Institute” rented the “Qiyan Assembly Hall” [before either name was made official] at No. 6 Guantao Road. QMAI was officially established and incorporated into the government administration on September 12, 1929, with Ma Fuxiang as its director. It was not until 1933, when Shen Honglie, Vice Admiral of the Northeast Coastal Defense Squadron, became Mayor of Qingdao Special City, that he arranged to construct QMAI and was appointed its director. The city government raised funds to construct a main building (3 floors) with three one-story bungalows, covering an area of over 3,000 square meters. QMAI had different-sized open spaces around the building, sand pits, single parallel bars, tension belts, stone locks, stone poles, and other training apparatus. The equipment, facilities, and venue were considered top-of-the-line for China at the time, and QMAI’s teachers all came from famous martial arts lineages. Yang Mingzhai, Gao Fengling, Chang Bingyi, Mi Daosheng, Yin Yuzhang, Ji Yanchang, Han Guanying, and others all held teaching positions there.

（二）青岛国术馆之比赛
 (2) Competitions of the Qingdao Martial Arts Institute

青岛国术馆于 1929 年 9 月成立到 1949 年 6 月青岛解放止，从成立到抗日战争前夕是青岛国术馆武术教学、交流及发展鼎盛时期，从参加全国国术比赛取得的成绩及国术馆教员、学员积极参加抗日的爱国行为都是令人高瞻的。1937 年日军进入青岛后，国术馆解散，高芳先副馆长带领学员进入崂山山区成立抗日游击队，杨明斋在鲁南加入抗击日军队伍，于 1941 年 8 月与日军交战时不幸殉国，国术馆历经 20 年为武术事业的发展、民族解放做出了巨大贡献。

QMAI was established in September 1929 and liberated in June 1949 (when U.S. Marines departed North China before the communists’ victory in the Chinese Civil War]. QMAI’s golden age of expansion, in terms of martial arts instruction, exchanges, and development, spanned from its establishment until the eve of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The incredible results achieved at the National Martial Arts Recreation Conference and the heroic acts of QMAI’s instructors and students who made active contributions during the war were highly commendable. In 1937, with Japan’s invasion of Qingdao, QMAI disbanded. Deputy Director Gao Fangxian led QMAI students into Laoshan Mountain, where they formed an ROC Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Unit. Yang Mingzhai joined the unit in southern Shandong, but regrettably sacrificed his life in August 1941 during a clash with Japanese forces. For 20 years, QMAI made tremendous contributions to both the development of martial arts and the liberation of the nation.

1930 年 3 月 1 日出版的“青岛特别市国术馆月刊”提出“用国术的刀剑斩断不平等条约的束缚，用国术的枪棍，打倒帝国主义侵略” [6]（P11），从月刊提出就可以知道国术馆创建的宗旨就是强壮体魄用武力打击外来侵略者，与中央国术馆创办的《国术周刊》：“唤起全民尚武之精神，化除宗派，略域之界限。声应气求，不忘雪耻御侮之志” [10] 的要义是同宗的。国术馆对社会各类私设拳房均予登记统一管理，1935 年在册的练习场所有 95 个，1937 年发展到 151 个，练习所的学术达到 5000多人。青岛市在 1935 年制定了“全市中、小学学生体育标准”，然后把拳术、器械列入中小学及师范学校体育毕业会考内容，由国术馆指派与会同学校两方共同评定标准，这一时期，中、小学及师范学校学生练习国术的热情高涨，武术运动发展很快，这一时期并将国术列为军队必修科目。青岛国术在中小学的普及发展，离不开青岛特别市市长沈鸿烈的支持，他早年东渡日本学习海军知识，接触到日本武士道教育对孩子体格发展重要性，有强壮的身体才能抵御外敌。他主张发展国术，国术无需设备，不费金钱，无论何时、何地均可练习，还组织纱厂工人成立纱厂练习所，兼收市民训练国术，由国术馆派教员指导，练习国术的青年工人热血澎湃，爱国情绪高涨，促进了国术在各个阶层普及。

On March 1, 1930, the Qingdao Special City Martial Arts Institute Monthly Publication was published with the slogan “Broadswords and Straight Swords Remove the Shackles of Unequal Treaties, Spears and Staffs Defeat the Imperialist Aggression.” ⁶ QMAI was founded for the purpose of “strengthening bodies,” in order to use martial force to expel the foreign invaders, and, as mentioned in the Central Martial Arts Institute’s monthly publication, to “arouse the spirit of martial arts in the people, eliminate sects, blur regional boundaries, heed the call, and never forget the ambition of restoring honor and resisting humiliation,” ¹⁰ which were essentially equal in importance. QMAI registered and unified the management of all the different kinds of privately run martial arts practice rooms throughout society. In 1935, there were 95 registered practice places, but, as of 1937, the number had already increased to 151 and included over 5,000 practitioners. In 1935, Qingdao City issued the “Physical Education Standards for Primary and Secondary Schools,” declaring bare-handed martial arts and weapons training to be requirements in the physical education graduation exams of primary, secondary, and teacher–training schools. The standards were jointly assessed by committees appointed by QMAI and the corresponding schools. During this period, students in primary, secondary, and teacher-training schools expressed great enthusiasm for martial arts, as they developed rapidly and were listed as compulsory subjects in the army. The popularization and development of Qingdao’s martial arts culture in primary and secondary schools will always be linked to Shen Honglie’s advocacy, the mayor of “Qingdao Special City.” He traveled to Japan in his early years to study naval strategy, where he recognized the importance of samurai education in the physical development of children. He supported the development of martial arts, for it required no equipment nor money, and could be practiced anytime, anywhere. He also organized a martial arts training center for yarn factory workers and allowed regular citizens to join in. Teachers from QMAI were sent to guide the training of the young workers, and as their patriotic enthusiasm grew, martial arts began to spread into every area of society.

1929 年 11 月，李景林在浙江杭州举办了“全国国术游艺大会”（筹办时称：全国打擂比赛），青岛国术馆也组建了 16 人的代表团参加这次全国国术打擂比赛，国术表演中，高作霖展示了五形拳、纪雨人的孙膑拳三十二手、高守武的太乙拳、纪雨人与高作霖的孙膑拳对打，青岛国术馆其他馆员还表演了缠丝枪、缠丝刀、器械对练等，大会最后结果评出了 26 名最优和优等运动员，四名青岛武术馆馆员高作霖、祝正森、高守武、纪雨人名列获奖之中 [6]（P11），高作霖（杨明斋入室弟子）获打擂台赛第二名好成绩，在这次比赛中青岛武术馆闻名于大江南北。于 1933 年 7 月在青岛召开的华北第 17 届运动会国术比赛 8 个项目中常秉毅、韩冠英的对练，张培五的枪术、刀术、黄术堂的棍术，杨明斋的铁板桥（硬气功），韩冠英的其他器械这六项获得冠军，还有 2 项第二，1 项第四 [6]（P12-13）。随之 1933 年 10 月，在南京举行的第五届全国运动会上，获国术项目组 4 个冠军、2 个第二、3 个第四，同时又在在南京举行了第二届全国国术考试，有青岛王玉山、李忠先等 18 人组成的代表队过关斩将获得了国术考试总分第一名。“1934 年 10 月，在华北第十八届运动会上，获国术 5 项冠军，2 项第二名，1 项第三名。孙子建、肖鸿义的对拳，田秉义的剑术，田秉义、纪炎昌的双器械，栾秀云（女）的杂项器械这五项获得冠军，肖鸿义的单拳、栾秀云的剑术获得第二名”[6]（P13）。在这次比赛中，女运动员栾秀云成绩崭露头角，出现在大众面前，具有“青岛第一女剑客之称”。1935 年 10 月，在上海举行的全国第六届运动会上，获 4 项冠军、2 项第二、1 项第三名、进入前 6 名的还有 7 人，男子李世基获单人器械第一名，杨为秀获中量级测力第一名，谭祖秀获轻量级摔跤第一名，孟广增、蓝信成获双人器械第三名，齐秀兰、姜爱兰获女子双拳第一名，女子武术获团体总分第四名。

In November 1929, Li Jinglin held the “Zhejiang Provincial National Martial Arts Recreation Conference” (aka. “National Martial Arts Fighting Competition”) in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and QMAI organized a 16-member delegation to take part in the competition. For the martial arts demonstrations, Gao Zuolin performed Five Elements Boxing; Ji Yuren performed Sun Bin Boxing 32-Hands; Gao Shouwu performed Taiyi Boxing; Ji Yuren and Gao Zuolin performed Sun Bin Boxing Two-Person Set, and other members performed Silk Reeling Spear, Silk Reeling Broadsword, and two-person weapon sets. At the end of the competition, 26 of the most outstanding top athletes were given awards. Four members from QMAI, namely Gao Zuolin, Zhu Zesen, Gao Shouwu, and Ji Yuren, were among the awardees. ⁶ Gao Zuolin (a disciple of Yang Mingzhai) won second place in the leitai (raised platform) competition, and QMAI became famous all over the country as a result of its participation. At the 17ᵗʰ North China Games Martial Arts Competition held in Qingdao in July 1933, Chang Pingshi and Han Guanying’s two-person set, Zhang Peiwu’s staff and sword, Huang Zhutang’s staff, Yang Mingzhai’s iron plate bridge (hard qigong), and Han Guanying’s miscellaneous weapons won 6 firsts, 2 seconds, and 1 fourth place title. ⁶ In October 1933, at the 5ᵗʰ National Games held in Nanjing, QMAI won 4 championships, 2 seconds, and 3 fourth places. When the 2nd National Martial Arts Examination was held in Nanjing, the team representing QMAI was composed of 18 people, including Wang Yushan and Li Zhongxian from Qingdao, who passed the examination and helped the team secure first place in the exam’s all-around category. In October 1934, at the 18ᵗʰ North China Games, the team won 5 firsts, 2 seconds, and 1 third. Sun Zi Jian and Xiao Hongyi’s two-person set, Tian Bingyi’s sword, Tian Bingyi and Ji Yanchang’s two-person weapons set, and Luan Xiuyun’s miscellaneous weapons won first, whereas Xiao Hongyi’s single-person barehanded form and Luan Xiuyun’s sword form also won second. During the competition, the female athlete Luan Xiuyun made a big impression and emerged with the title of “Qingdao’s First Female Swordswoman.” In October 1935, at the 6ᵗʰ National Games held in Shanghai, there were 4 champions, 2 second-place winners, 1 third-place winner, and 7 top six finishers. Li Shiji won first in men’s single-person weapons; Yang Weixiu won first in the middle-weight strength test event; Tan Zuxiu won first in light-weight wrestling; Meng Guangzeng and Lan Xincheng won third in two-person weapons; Qi Xiulan and Jiang Ailan won first in women’s doubles, and the women’s team won fourth place overall.

青岛国术馆学员在全国运动会、国术比赛、国术考试中取得的成绩是骄傲的，参加的运动员数量多、比赛拳种项目丰富，每次比赛都有新的运动员出现，国术人才辈出。当时青岛国术馆比赛成绩卓越，社会影响力也很高，有“全国国术看山东，山东国术看青岛”的说法。1935 年宋美龄到青岛，特别点名到青岛国术馆观看高凤岭表演的太乙醉及高凤岭与韩冠英的对练猴戏八仙，陪同前往的有韩复渠、沈鸿烈、张之江、于右任、何应钦、蔡元培等要员。1934 年 7 月，著名作家郁达夫和妻子王英霞来青岛，闻栾秀云的大名，特请其表演了一套剑术，大为称赞并做《栾女士秀云为舞剑》：堂堂国士盈朝野，不及栾家一女郎。舞到剑飞人隐处，月明满地滚青霜。这首诗表明在青岛武坛也活跃着女中豪杰，同时折射出彼时青岛习武也受到了文人的关注。在当时青岛武术界，也活跃着文学巨匠—老舍，老舍先生是文武兼备之人，名副其实的“练家子”，根据舞剑心得，编写了《舞剑图》。在青岛居住时就曾慕名拜访杨明斋，观看杨表演的十八路查拳令其赞叹不已，还与青岛国术馆奠基人之一的毛利泉切磋武艺，以武会友、谈诗论文，留下了一段文武相会的传奇逸事和佳话。

Students from QMAI achieved excellent results at national sports competitions, martial arts competitions, and martial arts examinations. With so many athletes participating in a wide array of events, each competition saw the emergence of new athletes and talented martial artists. At this time, QMAI had both outstanding results in competitions and considerable social reach, thus the saying, “Martial artists in China watch Shandong, while martial artists in Shandong watch Qingdao.” In 1935, Soong Ching Ling visited Qingdao and was invited to QMAI to witness Gao Fengling and Han Guanying’s Taiyi Drunken Boxing and Monkey King and Eight Immortals performances. The officials Han Fuchu, Shen Honglie, Zhang Zhijiang, Yu Youren, He Yingqin, Cai Yuanpei, etc., were all present. In July 1934, the famous writer Yu Dafu and his wife, Wang Yingxia, traveled to Qingdao, where they heard about Luan Xiuyan and specifically requested to see her perform a sword form. Yu was so impressed he wrote Miss Luan Xiuyun Performs a Sword Form: “Though many great masters have graced the imperial court, not one has ever eclipsed the Luan Family girl, who dances with her sword like an enigma, as the bright, full moon rolls over the blue frost.” The poem illustrates that Qingdao’s martial arts world was also populated by many women, and reflects how Qingdao’s martial arts attracted the attention of the literati. There was also a literary master named Lao She in Qingdao’s martial arts world at the time, who was well-versed in literature and martial arts, considered a truly adept “practitioner,” and wrote Sword Dance based on his own insights from training the straight sword. While living in Qingdao, he specifically visited Yang Mingzhai on account of his reputation, watched Yang’s performance of Cha Boxing 18ᵗʰ Road, and was stunned by his abilities. He traded martial techniques with Mao Liquan, too, one of QMAI’s founders, whom he developed a martial friendship and discussed poetry and literature with, culminating in a really delightful, legendary story that combines literature and martial arts.

（三）青岛国术馆之爱国事迹
(3) Patriotic Acts of the Qingdao Martial Arts Institute

民国时期日本人在青岛开了许多的纺织厂，其中有家大康纱厂，经常无理由解雇老工人，然后再廉价招新工人，当时用老工人一个月需要十七八元，而新工人只要七八元就可以，他们就这样肆无忌惮的压迫中国工人。在青岛国术馆学习的小刘正常去大康纱厂去上班，被日本门卫拦在外面不让进并说“你的走开，已换新人”，小刘见日本人如此欺负中国人，随之与日本门卫争执打起来，使用所学拳脚功夫打倒了七八个日本门卫，小刘见此知道惹了祸就离开了国术馆再没有回来。日方向市长交涉交出凶手，并要求解散国术馆，沈鸿烈市长也很强硬的答复日方，日方恼羞成怒派遣 9 艘军舰一千余海军包围了青岛港，以武力相威胁。日海军陆战队竟在青岛登陆，包围了市政府和国术馆，抓走了教习杨明斋及向誉久秘书并捣毁了国术馆设施。日本在国术馆抓人后，沈鸿烈市长出面与日本人交涉，杨老师的两千多学生及社会各界也呼吁放出杨老师。日本人在没有搜查到小刘的情况下，担心事态闹大了，又考虑在青岛的利益，被迫放了国术馆的教员及秘书。杨明斋出来后，把日本人捣毁的国术馆重新修复一番，挂上“青岛市国术馆”的牌子，大张声势，重新使国术馆运营教学，直至日本人全面攻占青岛。

During the ROC period, the Japanese opened many textile factories in Qingdao, including the Qingdao Dakang Yarn Factory, which often dismissed long-term staff for no good reason and then hired new workers at significantly lower wages. While veteran employees cost 17 or 18 yuan a month, new ones cost only 7 or 8, causing the leadership to relentlessly oppress the Chinese workers. When Little Liu, who trained at QMAI, went as usual to work at the Dakang Yarn Factory one day, he was stopped by the Japanese guards outside. “Scram! We found someone else,” they yelled, refusing to let him in. After Little Liu saw how much the Japanese bullied the Chinese, he, too, followed along in kind. He began quarreling with the Japanese guards and used the martial arts techniques he had learned at QMAI to knock down 7 or 8 of them. Once Little Liu realized what he had done, however, he knew right away that it would lead to trouble, so he left QMAI and never returned. The Japanese negotiated with the then-mayor of Qingdao to hand over the murderer and demanded that QMAI be disbanded. Mayor Shen Honglie resolutely raised his concerns to the Japanese, who, indignantly dispatched 9 warships and over 1,000 vessels to seize Qingdao Port and made a big show of force. Japanese troops landed in Qingdao, surrounded the city government building and QMAI, captured Yang Mingzhai, Secretary Xiang Yujiu, and QMAI’s teachers, and then trashed its facilities. After QMAI’s teachers were taken into custody, Mayor Shen Honglie re-engaged the Japanese to continue negotiations. More than 2,000 students of GM Yang, along with people from all walks of life, called for their release. Unable to locate Little Liu, the Japanese, worried the situation might worsen, decided to let QMAI’s teachers and secretary go in consideration of their broader objectives. After having been freed, Yang restored QMAI, which the Japanese had destroyed, hung the “Qingdao City Martial Arts Institute” plaque up with tremendous fanfare, and resumed QMAi’s operations and curriculum until Japanese forces ultimately occupied the entire city.

青岛国术馆副馆长高芳先，从师于杨明斋孙膑拳得到真传，还从王永彬、杨庭栋、田鸿业、李义三、常秉义等学习北派少林拳、地功拳、形意拳、中国摔跤等，是技艺双全的武林高手。青岛沦陷时，高芳先将国术馆馆员组成“国术救国大队”，成立了大刀队和爆破大队。大刀队严密监视日侨行动，个个摩拳擦掌等待与日军进行贴身肉搏，这种高昂的斗志架势吓退了日军，因为他们在喜峰口战役中领教过中国大刀队的厉害。大刀队的武术招式破锋八刀，是针对日本兵擅长刺刀的特点编制的，有八套刀法，简单易练，双手握刀劈、砍快速有力，刀刀可中敌之要害。国民政府在撤离青岛时，国术馆组成的爆破队对日本的化工厂、九大纱厂实施了爆破，从沧口、四方到市内连绵三十里，爆炸声连续轰鸣，烟雾弥漫，日本工厂尽成焦土 [11]。高芳先组建的“国术救国大队”后被国民党召编为正规军青岛保安大队，高任大队长，带领队员进入崂山山区与日军进行游击战。带领队伍袭击日军，卓效匪浅，因功勋彪榜，被誉为“崂山之狮”美誉，成为抗日名将，升至为少将师长。后因国民党军退居台湾，高芳先也带领部下青岛国术馆馆员及青岛保安旅来台，在台中市开设武馆，传授武艺，也为传统武术的传承、传播做了很大的贡献。

Gao Fangxian, the deputy director of QMAI, received genuine instruction in Sun Bin Boxing from Yang Mingzhai and also learned Northern Shaolin, Digong Boxing, Xingyi Boxing, and Chinese wrestling from martial arts masters such as Wang Yongbin, Tian Hongye, Li Yisan, Chang Bingyi, etc. After the Japanese had completely occupied Qingdao, Gao organized the “National Martial Arts Salvation Brigade” with members from QMAI, and also established an ROC Big Sword Unit and Explosives Unit. The Big Sword Unit closely monitored the movements of the Japanese and overseas Chinese and eagerly awaited any chance to engage the Japanese forces in hand-to-hand combat. After experiencing its might in the Battle of Xifengkou, the Japanese army fled in fear of the unit’s intense martial spirit. The Big Sword Unit’s “8 Swords of Devastation” forms were designed to counter the Japanese soldiers’ mastery of daggers. The techniques in these 8 forms were easy to learn and the two-handed grip was fast and powerful, allowing each strike to hit the enemy’s vitals. After the Nationalist Government retreated from Qingdao, QMAI organized an Explosives unit that focused on blowing up Japan’s factories, including its 9 textile mills. The unit blanketed a thirty-mile area, from Cangkou and Sifang to Qingdao, under a continuous thunder of explosions and a cloud of thick smoke that leveled the Japanese factories into charred rubble. ¹¹ After Gao Fangxian organized the “National Martial Arts Salvation Brigade,” it was integrated by the Nationalist Government into the regular ROC Army as the “Qingdao Security Corps” (aka. “Qingbao”). Gao, its commander, led the unit into Laoshan Mountain, conducted guerrilla warfare against the Japanese army, and made tremendous contributions. Hailed as the “Lion of Laoshan,” Gao became a famous anti-Japanese general who was promoted all the way up to brigadier general. Later, further into the Nationalists’ retreat from China, Gao brought members from QMAI and the Qingdao Security Corps over to Taiwan with him, opened a martial arts school in Taichung City, where he passed down his martial arts and contributed greatly to the dissemination of traditional martial arts culture.

三、青岛国术馆对青岛武术以后发展
3. Impact of QMAI on Qingdao’s Martial Arts Development

火器输入中国后，弃旧武术技击，增设兵操学习日本的军事制度而中国传统的武术技击不学，于是有识之士纷纷提倡技击，振兴尚武精神 [12]（P177-178）。1915 年4 月，在天津召开的全国教育联合会第一次会议上，通过了由北京体育研究社徐禹生等提出的《拟请提倡中国旧有武术列为学校必修课》议案。议案认为，学校体育“皆袭他人形式，未克振己国之精神，故兴学二十几年，而国民之强健，未见有若向之进步也，故拟提倡中国旧有武术，以振起国民勇往直前之气” [13]（P25），中国旧有技击合法化的列入各级学校体育课程。当时学校课程开设武术技击课没有充裕的师资教员，就聘任社会老拳师、各武术组织、军队教员等担任，如青岛“国技学社”教习杨明斋就担任北平路小学、商河路育英小学及附近中小学的国术拳师。国术在民国时期进入到了中小学校的课程，为学生锻炼身体、强身自卫进行了普及。民国时期青岛武术全国比赛成绩是辉煌的，习武之风弥漫全城，武术普及到了各个阶层，练习武术人数多，当时青岛不到 40 万的人口城市，竟有一万人在练习武术，不只有男性还有巾帼不让须眉的女性。国术教学内容丰富，有不同拳种门派，代表性的武术派别和传人有：“少林长拳：韩愧生、刘殿魁、张鹏福、纪炎昌、张培狱；查拳：王子平、沙吉福、齐奇海、孙玉秀、徐杰三、杨明斋；孙膑拳：杨明斋、杨钧韶；太乙拳：高凤岭、王汇东、刘英华；螳螂拳：王玉鹏、郝恒禄、郝宾、李占元；地功拳：郝清桂、张克勤、钟瑞臣、李忠先；形意拳：张占魁、田鸿业；八卦掌：张占奎、尹玉常、常秉毅；太极拳：田鸿业、纪炎昌” [6]（P9-10），为青岛武术以后的发展做好了群众基础。

Once firearms were introduced into China, traditional martial arts were abandoned and replaced with military exercises to adapt to the military system of the Japanese army. As a result, people of knowledge and insight advocated for martial arts and worked to revitalize the spirit of martial arts. ¹² In April 1915, at the first meeting of the National Federation of Education held in Tianjin, the “Proposal to Promote Traditional Chinese Martial Arts as a Compulsory Course in Schools,” initiated by Xu Yusheng and others from Beijing Sports Research Society, passed. According to the proposal, school sports programs “were all modeled after other systems, yet have not revitalized the country’s spirit; after more than two decades of study, the strength of the people has seen little progress. This proposal, therefore, focuses on promoting traditional Chinese martial arts, with the aim of inspiring citizens to press forward with courage and determination.” ¹³ China’s traditional martial arts were legalized and incorporated into the school physical education curricula at all levels of society. Due to the shortage of experienced teachers, local traditional martial artists, members of martial arts organizations, and teachers of martial arts in the military were assigned to the positions. For example, Yang Mingzhai, a National Sports Society coach in Qingdao, was appointed to be the martial arts instructor of Beiping Road Primary School, Shanghe Road Yuyin Primary School, and other local primary and secondary schools. Martial arts were incorporated into primary and secondary schools and popularized to help students learn how to exercise and defend themselves. With so many people training, an air of martial arts spread throughout the city to all levels of society, enabling Qingdao to achieve outstanding results during the ROC era in national martial arts competitions. Bck then, Qingdao had a population of around 400,000 people, 10,000 of whom trained in martial arts — not only men, but women alike, who were just as good as the men. Chinese martial arts were full of a rich variety of material from all the different martial arts schools. The most representative styles and their inheritors, included: “Shaolin Longfist Boxing: Han Kuisheng, Liu Diankui, Zhang Pengfu, Ji Yanchang, Zhang Peiyu; Cha Quan: Wang Ziping, Sha Jifu, Qi Qihai, Sun Yuxiu, Xu Jiesan, Yang Mingzhai; Sun Bin Boxing: Yang Mingzhai, Yang Junshao; Taiyi Boxing: Gao Fengling, Wang Huidong, Liu Yinghua; Mantis Boxing: Wang Yupeng, Hao Henglu, Hao Bin, Li Zhanyuan; Digong Boxing: Hao Qinggui, Zhang Keqin, Zhong Ruichen, Li Zhongxian; Yiquan: Zhang Zhankui, Tian Hongye; Baguazhang: Zhang Zhankui, Yin Yuzhang, Chang Bingyi; Taiji Boxing: Tian Hongye, Ji Yanchang” [6] (p. 9-10), who helped to advance the development of Qingdao’s martial arts.

解放后，在国术馆训练过的学员发挥着重要作用，传授各自流派的武技，为国家培养了优秀的武术教练员与运动员。“山东省于 1958 年 8 月成立省武术队，选调青岛的周永福、赵瑞章为教练又兼运动员，周永祥、徐学义、王常凯、王建忠、邱桂香、刘金芳等为运动员组队”。 [6]（P15-16）在第一届全国运动会武术比赛上，山东省武术队徐学义获短器械冠军、长器械第四名，范桂娥获短器械第四名的好成绩，为山东省武术事业的发展做出了贡献。青岛武术名人王常凯从 1960 年到 1981 年间，曾随周恩来总理、陈毅外长出访缅甸，1974 年又随周总理作为武术教练随团访美，随行的还有青岛籍武术运动员全国武术冠军初学玲教授（2014 年青岛大学体育教学部退休）。青岛武术名人不但在国家队、省队、高校担任工作，还有活动在影视界，上世纪八十年代《少林寺》电影中的王仁则扮演者于承惠、饰演“十三棍僧之一”的“色空和尚”扮演者孙建魁、武术动作指导者邱方俭，这三人都是青岛籍武术名人。青岛是外来文化与传统文化的集结地，来自不同地域文化门派的武术名家聚于青岛国术馆教学传授武术，成就了拳种丰富的青岛武术文化，在民国时期达到鼎盛，并在抗击日本、争取民族独立斗争中做出了重大贡献，曾经辉煌的青岛国术馆，为以后的青岛武术文化事业发展，奠定了深厚的武术文化底蕴。1983 年国家体委召开全国武术工作会议，青岛贯彻会议精神，整理、挖掘出单练拳术 157 套，对练 20 套，单练器械 139 套，对练器械 47套 [6]（P19-20），近几年被列为国家级非物质文化遗产保护名录的拳种有鸳鸯螳螂拳、螳螂拳及孙膑拳。

After Qingdao was liberated, students from QMAI played an important role by teaching the martial arts skills of their respective schools and training excellent martial arts coaches and athletes for the country. In August 1958, Shandong established a provincial martial arts team with Qingdao’s Zhou Yongfu and Zhao Ruizhang selected to be both coaches and athletes. Zhou Yongxiang, Xu Xueyi, Wang Changkai, Wang Jianzhong, Qiu Guixiang, and Liu Jinfang were also included, among others. ⁶ At the 1ˢᵗ National Games martial arts competition, Xu Xueyi of the Shandong Team won first in short weapons and fourth in long weapons, and Fan Gui’e also placed fourth in short weapons, contributing admirably to the advancement of Shandong martial arts. During the period from 1960 to 1981, Qingdao martial arts celebrity Wang Changkai visited Myanmar with Premier Zhou Enlai and Foreign Minister Chen Yi. In 1974, he accompanied Premier Zhou to the United States as a martial arts coach, along with Qingdao martial arts athlete and champion Professor Chu Xueling (who in 2014 retired from Qingdao University’s Physical Education Department). Famous Qingdao martial arts celebrities have worked for national and provincial teams, colleges and universities, but also in the film and television industry. Yu Chenghui, who played the role of Wang Renze in the 1980s Shaolin Temple movie, Sun Jiankui, who played “one of the Thirteen Shaolin Warrstarior Monks,” and Qiu Fangjian, a martial arts director, were all famous martial arts celebrities from Qingdao. Qingdao has always been a hub for both foreign and traditional cultures. Martial arts masters from different regional schools used to gather at QMAI to teach and pass down their respective arts, adding to the diverse martial arts culture that peaked during the ROC era, made a major contribution to the struggle against Japan, and the struggle for national independence. As such, QMAI laid the essential foundation for the future development of Qingdao’s martial arts culture. In 1983, when the National Sports Commission held a national martial arts work conference, Qingdao responded to the call. In the spirit of the conference, Qingdao unearthed and compiled a total of 157 single-person sets, 20 two-person sets, 139 single weapon sets, and 47 two-person weapons sets. ⁶ The invaluable collection of martial arts techniques brought forth by QMAI laid the foundation for the future development of Qingdao‘s martial arts culture.

*Link to Chinese PDF: https://bit.ly/44WYHI1

基金项目 ：青岛市哲学社会科学规划资助项目“一带一路”战略背景下青岛武术文化传播研究（QDSKL1701076）
作者简介 ：邓以华（1976-），男，山东聊城人，青岛大学体育学院副教授 ；葛吉生（1965-），男，山东潍坊人，青岛大学体育学院教授 ；初学玲（1954-），女，青岛大学教授。