青岛武术往事/
Qingdao’s Martial Arts Past/
by Sun Shouxin
青岛以其百余年的历史被国家列为历史文化名城,是非常难得的。青岛市民在谈到历史文化名城的理由时,多认为是20世纪初云集青岛的国内文化名人的影响所致,却忽视了另一个重要的因素——武术文化。
Qingdao has been listed as a famous historical and cultural city by the Chinese state for its over 100 years of history, something that’s extraordinarily rare. When city residents talk about why it became a famous historical and cultural city, they generally believe it’s due to the influence of Chinese cultural celebrities who gathered in Qingdao during the early 20th century, but often ignore another important factor: Qingdao’s martial arts culture.
武术文化与文学作品一样都是熏陶一个地区文化思想、精神品格、民间习俗的重要因素。青岛人具有豪爽、质朴、义气、抑强助弱、匡扶正义的品质,这与青岛地区历史悠久、影响广泛的武术文化密切相关。
The culture of martial arts, like that of literary works, is an important element that seeps into a region’s cultural ideology, spirituality, and folk customs. The people of Qingdao are characteristically outspoken, straightforward, simple, and loyal. They curb the violent, assist the weak, and earnestly support justice, which is closely related to Qingdao’s long-standing, influential martial arts culture.
青岛地区自宋、元以后,随着道教全真派在崂山的发展,道家武术对其周边的影响很大。当时,附近许多百姓有难就求助于道士,这给以张三丰为代表的武术高手们提供了将道家武术向民间发展的机会,加之当时设防的官兵也义务为当地渔民传授武术,习武之风由此得以兴盛。明代前期就已“民间习武成风”,一个主要的原因是沿海地带渔村不断受到倭寇的骚扰。虽然,当时政府为了抵御倭寇的侵袭在周边设置了两卫两所,但由于设防相对集中,倭寇的机动性很强,远水难救近火,所以,沿海渔民必须习武以求自卫。
Taoist martial arts have had a very big impact on Qingdao’s surroundings ever since the Song and Yuan dynasties following the development of the Quanzhen Sect of Taoism in Laoshan. During that time, people in the area would turn to Taoist priests for help whenever they faced some difficulties. This gave martial arts masters represented by Zhang Sanfeng an opportunity to develop Taoist martial arts among the people in society. In addition, the fortification officers and soldiers also volunteered to teach martial arts to local fishermen, further enabling the practice of martial arts to flourish. In the early Ming Dynasty, “the practice of folk martial arts had popularized”. One main reason for this was that the fishing villages along the coast were constantly being harassed by Japanese pirates. The government set up guard stations in the surrounding areas to resist their onslaught, but due to the relatively concentrated fortifications, the Japanese pirates’ high maneuverability, and distance required to source help, coastal fishermen in Qingdao still had to learn martial arts to defend themselves.
明末清初,青岛周边地区民间武术活动在几位著名武林人士的推动下发展加快。他们多以发展队伍“反清复明”为目的,进行武术传播。其中,隐身于崂山华严寺的胶东农民起义领袖于七、落户于付家埠的付氏先祖等,都对青岛地区武术的传播与发展做出历史性贡献。随着清政权的日益巩固,尽管“复明”已不可能,但习武之风却丝毫不减。
At the end of the Ming and the beginning of the Qing, the development of folk martial arts activities in the surrounding areas of Qingdao accelerated under the initiatives of various well-known martial arts figures. These people mostly spread martial arts as a means of training the troops to “overthrow the Qing and restore the Ming”, yet all made historic contributions to the development of martial arts in Qingdao, including the Jiaodong peasant uprising leader Yu Qi, who hid in Laoshan’s Huayan Temple, and the ancestor surnamed Fu who settled in Fujiabu. As the Qing regime increasingly consolidated power, although “restoring the Ming” was no longer feasible, the practice of martial arts had not diminished in the slightest.
1891年,清政府议决在胶澳设防。翌年,章高元从登州率部来青,其驻守官兵大多是当年戚家军的后代。德国侵占青岛后,不少士兵留住青岛浮山一带。青岛流传至今的“戚家拳”、“戚门十三剑”都是由他们流传下来的。
In 1891, the Qing government decided to fortify Jiaoao. That following year, Zhang Gaoyuan led his troops from Dengzhou to Qinghai and most of his garrisoned officers and soldiers were descendants of Qi Jiguang’s Army, many of whom remained behind in the Fushan area after Germany’s occupation of Qingdao. The Qi Jiguang Boxing and Thirteen Swords of Qimen that are circulated in Qingdao to this day were all passed down by them.
在清代,青岛周边地区不但武术发展迅速,而且成绩卓著。有资料显示,胶州考中的武进士达29人,武举人91人;莱西武进士与举人共达34人。清嘉庆年间,即墨七级村的李逄扬中一甲三名(探花),在林则徐部下为将。1884年,岙山卫的陈希瑞获武进士,任职浙江温州卫守备……
During the Qing Dynasty, not only did martial arts develop rapidly in the surrounding areas of Qingdao, they also experienced outstanding achievements. According to available data, Jiaozhou City had 29 successful martial arts candidates and 91 successful military candidates, and in Laixi City there were 34 successful martial arts and military candidates in total. During the Jiaqing Period of the Qing Dynasty, Li Pang, a native of Qiji Village, Jimo City, who was one of only three candidates at the time to pass the imperial exam (ranking 3rd), served as a general under Lin Zexu. In 1884, Chen Xirui from Aoshan Bay, Qingdao topped the imperial military exams and then became a garrison officer in Zhejiang, Wenzhou City…
辛亥革命后,不少清朝的遗老遗少来到青岛,一批武林著名人士也云集于此。1911年,张石麟、宋铭之在青岛发起成立“中华武术会”。1917年,马良在济南发起成立了“山东武术传习所”。1919年,该所著名武术家王子平率济南武术团来青岛,在馆陶路“齐燕会馆”进行多场表演,得到青岛武术界的赞同。1922年12月,“山东省武术传习所”解散。应青岛武林人士之邀,省所的总教习韩愧生、教习王子平、杨明斋、常秉毅等国内著名武术高手来青岛定居,并于1923年在青岛成立了“国技学社”。同年,由王子平、沙吉福在芝罘路“三江会馆”组建“中华武术社”,先后在青岛部分中、小学校设置武术教习课,开启了武术从娃娃抓起的先河。受他们的影响,青岛本地的武术家钟瑞臣、刘殿魁、张克勤、张鸿福、齐奇海等纷纷办起自己的拳房,有力地推动了青岛地区民间武术的发展。
After the Xinhai Revolution, many old and young survivors of the Qing Dynasty came to live in Qingdao, and a group of famous martial artists also gathered here. In 1911, Zhang Shilin and Song Mingzhi initiated the establishment of the Chinese Martial Arts Association. In 1917, Ma Liang initiated the establishment of the Shandong Martial Arts Training Center in Jinan. In 1919, a famous martial artist from the center, Wang Ziping, led their Jinan-based martial arts troupe in Qingdao, where he performed many times at the Qiyan Assembly Hall on Guantao Road, which the Qingdao martial arts community approved. In December 1922, the Shandong Martial Arts Training Center disbanded. At the invitation of Qingdao martial artists, Han Kuisheng, the head instructor of the provincial center, Wang Ziping, Yang Mingzhai, Chang Bingyi, and other famous Chinese martial arts masters who came to live in Qingdao, founded the National Sports Society in 1923. That same year, Wang Ziping and Sha Jifu established the Chinese Martial Arts Association in the Sanjiang Assembly Hall on Zhifu Road, and also set up martial arts classes in some of the primary and secondary schools around Qingdao to promote martial arts to young children. Due to their influences, local martial artists such as Zhong Ruichen, Liu Dengkui, Zhang Keqin, Zhang Hongfu, and Qi Qihai then set up their own training rooms, again accelerating the development of local folk martial arts in the area.
1927年,国民政府接纳了有识之士的建议,把习武强身、提高国民素质作为大事来抓,明令各省、市建立“国术馆”体系并率先成立了“中央国术馆”。后来,又多次举办全国规模的“擂台赛”,青岛武术界多次取得骄人战绩。1929年9月12日,由时任青岛市市长的马福祥担任馆长、李郁廷担任副馆长的“青岛国术馆”正式成立。1930年3月1日,《青岛特别市国术馆月刊》创刊,并提出“用国术的刀剑,斩断不平等条约的束缚;用国术的枪棍,打倒帝国主义侵略”的口号。
In 1927, after accepting suggestions from people with knowledge and experience, the ROC Government made the practice of martial arts to strengthen the body and improve the quality of the nation a matter of high priority, explicitly ordered all provinces and municipalities to establish the “Martial Arts Institute system,” and led the charge by founding the Central Martial Arts Institute. Later, several countrywide “leitai tournaments” were held, in which Qingdao martial artists repeatedly achieved impressive results. On September 12, 1929, the Qingdao Martial Arts Institute was officially established by Ma Fuxiang, the then-mayor of Qingdao, who served as its director with Li Yuting as deputy director. On March 1, 1930, the Qingdao Special City Martial Arts Institute Monthly Publication was launched with the slogan “Broadswords and Straight Swords Remove the Shackles of Unequal Treaties, Spears and Staffs Defeat the Imperialist Aggression”.
1931年,青岛市市长沈鸿烈主张由政府出面,社会各界捐助,在广东路建设功能齐备的青岛国术馆并担任馆长,武林著名人士杨明斋、高风岭、常秉毅、秘道生、尹玉章、纪炎昌、韩冠英都在此任教。
In 1931, with contributions from all levels of society, Qingdao’s Mayor Shen Honglie advocated for the construction of the fully functional Qingdao Martial Arts Institute on Guangdong Road and served as its director. Yang Mingzhai, Gao Fengling, Chang Bingyi, Mi Daosheng, Yin Yuzhang, Ji Yanchang, and Han Guanying, who were all famous martial artists, held teaching positions there.
同期,胶县、即墨、平度等县都相继建立了国术馆,截至抗日战争爆发,仅青岛城区就拥有各种规模的国术教习所151处,特别是崂山一带,几乎各村都有武术教场。
Throughout the same period, Jiao, Jimo, Pingdu, and other counties all followed closely behind by establishing their own martial arts institutes. By the time the Second Sino-Japanese War had broken out, Qingdao City itself had 151 various-scaled martial arts training centers, especially in the area of Laoshan, where just about every village featured large martial arts teaching grounds.
日本第二次侵占青岛期间,虽然武术教习活动受到很大限制,但民间习练却从未间断。
During the second Japanese invasion of Qingdao, despite martial arts training activities having been significantly restricted, the practice of martial arts in society never waned.
1950年成立了青岛市武术研究会,后更名为青岛为青岛市武术运动协会,为国家、省培养了大量武术人才和武术教学管理人才。如高级教练周永福、赵瑞章、王常凯,国际、国家级武术裁判周永福、吴秀美、邱建华、孙锡明、高兴亮、初学玲等。在历届国家、省武术运动比赛中,涌现出许多全国冠军,如徐学义、范桂娥、王常凯、初学玲、邱方俭等。
The Qingdao Wushu Research Association, established in 1950, which was later renamed the Qingdao Wushu Sports Association, trained a large number of talented martial artists and educational management personnel for the country and respective provinces, including senior instructors Zhou Yongfu, Zhao Ruizhang and Wang Changkai, as well as international and national-level martial arts judges Zhou Yongfu, Wu Xiumei, Qiu Jianhua, Sun Ximing, Xing Xingliang, Chu Xueling, etc. In both national and provincial martial arts competitions, many national champions have risen, such as Xu Xueyi, Fan Gui’e, Wang Changkai, Chu Xueling, Qiu Fangjian, etc.
20世纪80年代,青岛武术界对流传在青岛地区的武术门类进行挖掘整理,其中单项拳术达173种,单项器械139种,徒手及器械对练有66种。作为古老拳种的孙膑拳、查拳、少林拳、六合拳、八卦、形意、太极等都有较好的传承。最具有代表性的是孙膑拳、螳螂拳、地功拳三大类,已经被公认为青岛的强项。
During the 1980s, Qingdao martial arts circles organized all the various martial arts disciplines that are now being passed down in the Qingdao area. They include 173 kinds of individual boxing methods, 139 types of individual weapons, and 66 kinds of barehanded and weapons two-man sparring sets. Regarded as ancient styles, Sun Bin Boxing, Cha Boxing, Shaolin Boxing, Liuhe Boxing, Bagua, Xingyi, Taiji, etc., all have strong lineages. The most representative of these are Sun Bin Boxing, Praying Mantis Boxing, and Di Gong Boxing: three major styles that Qingdao is publicly recognized to excel in.
*Sun Shouxin (孙守信) is the former Secretary General of the Laoshan Cultural Research Association.
Translated & edited by ZhongwenTranslation
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