杨明斋: 把孙膑拳传播于大江南北的阳谷人
Yang Mingzhai: The Man from Yanggu who Spread Sun Bin Boxing all over China/
by Read01 (壹讀)
2011年5月23日,孙膑拳经国务院批准列入第三批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。
On May 23, 2011, Sun Bin Boxing was approved by the State Council to be included in the third batch of items on the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
孙膑拳,又称“长袖拳”,是山东一个古老稀有的传统拳,其内涵博大 精深,是春秋战国时期军事家孙膑所创, 但无文字记载。
Sun Bin Boxing, also called “Long Sleeve Boxing,” is a rare style of traditional Chinese martial arts from Shandong, one with extensive depth and breadth of content, which was created by the military strategist Sun Bin during the Warring States period (475~221 BC), although there are no written records.
孙膑拳的发展与继承关系目前可追溯到清末,据1998年第2期《山东体育史料》载:孙膑拳是1912年由山东省馆陶县张家楼村的一位赶马车的张姓把式所传。张把式曾参加义和团运动,后隐名埋姓。
The development and tradition of passing down Sun Bin Boxing can be traced back to the end of the Qing Dynasty. According to the 1998-Second Edition of Shandong Sports History, “Sun Bin Boxing was disseminated in 1912 via a carriage driver named “Zhang Bashi” (张把式; aka. “Carriage Driver Zhang” who some called “Zhang Youchun”) in Zhangjialou Village, Guantao, Shandong. Following his participation in the Boxer Rebellion, Zhang Bashi lived under a concealed identity.”
另据《中华舞史研究》所载:清末山东省茌平县张景春传下孙膑拳,与人切磋武艺常以孙膑拳法致胜,在冀鲁一带赫赫有名,其毕生仅授徒三人,大弟子张金岭,二弟子魏金凤,三弟子杨廷栋(杨明斋)阳谷阿城人。张景春被称为孙膑拳第一代传承人。
Based on another account in Research on the History of Chinese Dance, “At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Jingchun (张景春) of Chiping, Shandong passed down Sun Bin Boxing, often won using Sun Bin Boxing while trading techniques with other martial artists, and was well-known in the Hebei-Shandong region, but throughout his life only accepted three disciples: first disciple Zhang Jinling (张金岭), second disciple Wei Jinfeng (魏金凤), and third disciple Yang Tingdong (杨廷栋: aka. “Yang Mingzhai”), a native of Acheng Town, Yanggu, Shandong. Zhang Jingchun has since been regarded as Sun Bin Boxing’s first-generation inheritor.
另有一说法:据淄博人民政府网公布,《孙膑拳》以形传、口授之法传承,清末山东临清艾寨人张友春将《孙膑拳》传与山东阳谷县人杨明斋后,《孙膑拳》逐步在山东传播。后人尊张友春为第一代传人,杨明斋为第二代传人,杨明斋再传高作霖等第三代传人,高作霖再传高峰、高庆厚、韩克峰等第四代传人。
Another view: “Sun Bin Boxing was spread in the late Qing by Zhang Youchun of Linqing, Aizhai, Shandong through oral instruction to Yang Mingzhai, a native of Yanggu County, Shandong, and then gradually circulated within Shandong. Later generations recognized Zhang Youchun as the style’s first generation and Yang Mingzhai as the second. Yang Mingzhai passed Sun Bin Boxing down to the third generation, including to Gao Zuolin (高作霖), and then Gao Zuolin passed it on to Zhuan Gaofeng (传高峰), Gao Qinghou (高庆厚), Han Kefeng (韩克峰), and other fourth-generation inheritors,” according to a post on the Zibo People’s Government website.
而阳谷,与孙膑拳有着深厚的渊源。大家都知道中国古军事重地迷魂阵是孙膑大败庞涓的故事发生地,孙膑拳和阳谷有怎样的关系?给我们留下了什么样的影响?带着这样的疑问,我们找到了阳谷孙膑拳非物质文化遗产传承人杨文正。
And so, Sun Bin Boxing has deep ties to Yanggu. We’re all aware that the ancient Chinese military site Mihunzhen (迷魂阵) is where the story of Sun Bin’s great defeat over Pang Juan took place (342 BC). What connections are there between Sun Bin Boxing and Yanggu? What kind of impact has it had? With these questions in mind, we sought out Yang Wenzheng (杨文正), the inheritor of Yanggu’s Sun Bin Boxing intangible cultural heritage.
图中的老人就是杨文正,他所指的便是爷爷杨明斋(也名杨廷栋)。
Yang Wenzheng is the old man in this picture (top of page) who’s pointing to his grandfather Yang Mingzhai (aka. “Yang Tingdong”).
杨明斋是一位爱国武术家,1937年牺牲于抗日战场。曾执教于山东省武术传习所,1918年-1936年在青岛国术馆任教期间,择徒授艺,传下孙膑拳,并自此经青岛向外传播开来。
Yang Mingzhai was a patriotic martial artist, who, in 1937, sacrificed his life during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Having once been an instructor at the Shandong Martial Arts Training Center (山东省武术传习所), from 1918 to 1936, while holding a teaching position at the Qingdao Martial Arts Institute (青岛国术馆), he chose disciples to pass his art of Sun Bin Boxing down to, and it has spread by way of Qingdao to the outside world ever since.
孙膑拳有着自己的一套理论系统,蹲走跛行是其最突出的特点,出拳走曲不走直,曲中能够求直,看似偏离,但击中点却是那样准确。这种曲线出拳的理论以不招不架、转向进取为表征,最容易使对手产生错觉。
Sun Bin Boxing has its own theoretical system. Its most prominent feature is moving whilst crouching and limping. When attacking, strikes extend in a curve and do not move straight. Seeking to straighten within the curve, they appear to deviate but hit the mark so very accurately. This curved-punching theory is characterized by not wasting time defending, by changing directions, and proactively forging ahead—the easiest way to force your opponent to make mistakes.
孙膑拳,是我国武术中起源较早的拳术之一。据《中国武术百科全书》记载:孙膑,习武先辈,穷其兵法,运用其谋略,以及“必攻不守”,“静如处子,动如脱兔”等理论,加之战略上“空、诓、虚、实、晃”,战术上“速、巧、软、绵、小”,“拧、绞、缠、旋、钻”等技法,创编了技击性极强的“孙膑拳法”,形成“出手迅猛显绝招,手足并进逼四梢;结构严紧攻防巧,精、气、意识尤重要”的古老而稀有之拳种。
Sun Bin Boxing is one of the oldest martial arts styles in China. According to the Chinese Martial Arts Encyclopedia, “Martial arts forefather Sun Bin exhausted his Art of War, adopted his stratagems, as well as “must attack, not defend”, “be on guard like a shy girl, [then] pounce like a rabbit” and other theories—in addition to strategically “emptying, deceiving, swaying, reeling,” being tactically “swift, skillful, ingenious, supple, small”, “twisting, wrapping, drilling, spinning” and other such maneuvers—to create the highly technical “Sun Bin Boxing Method,” an ancient, rare style in which “fists extend quickly and violently revealing unique skills, hands and feet advance together pressing forward all four extremities; the structure is strict, attacking and defending proficient; and vitality, energy, and awareness are especially important.”
孙膑拳传承人亦代代相传,孙膑拳为战国中期军事家孙膑将兵法思想隐入拳法所创,因至今没有发现孙膑创编孙膑拳的文史资料,故也有人认为孙膑拳是依据《孙膑兵法》思想而创始,以孙膑名字命名的拳法。
Its inheritors pass down Sun Bin Boxing generationally, and the style’s fighting techniques are imbued with the mid-Warring States period militarist Sun Bin’s military stratagems; however, since no literature or historical data on Sun Bin Boxing’s creation or development have ever been discovered to date, some people believe Sun Bin Boxing is entirely rooted in Art of War Thought and named after Sun Bin himself.
孙膑拳有中架三十二手、小架六十四手、大架九十六手三个拳法套路和孙膑拳对练、孙膑拳散手等功法。又有“大架拳”、“二节腿”之称,孙膑拳技术和理论体系完整,以孙膑智慧为文化内涵,是武技与兵家思想有机相融的结晶,讲究必攻不守,不招不架迎面直打,迅猛灵巧直取要害,具有散手、武术精华之特点,被称之为一部肢体语言版的《孙膑兵法》。
Sun Bin Boxing has three forms (i.e. Sun Bin Boxing 32-Hands, Sun Bin Boxing 64-Hands, and Sun Bin Boxing 96-Hands), a Sun Bin Boxing two-man set, free sparring, and other skills. Known also as “Big Frame Boxing” and “Two-Legged Boxing,” Sun Bin Boxing, a complete technical and theoretical system endowed with the cultural maturity of Sun Bin’s wisdom, is an organic blend of martial techniques and military thought. It places particular emphasis on attacking, head-on direct fighting, swift, dexterous targeting of the vitals—the quintessence of free sparring and martial skill—and has been called the “body language” version of Sun Bin’s Art of War.
相传,战国中期军事家孙膑在马陵之战后归隐到鄄邑冷家庄(现山东鄄城县孙老家村),在村北虎豹林建院隐居与弟子们讲兵论武整理《孙膑兵法》,并依据其兵法思想创编了孙膑拳法,以口传身授秘密流传。
According to legend, after the Battle of Maling, Sun Bin, a military man during the middle of the Warring States period, returned to Lengjia Village in Jangyi (now Sunlaojia Village, Juancheng, Shandong), built a residence in the north of the village, lived in seclusion, discussed military affairs and martial arts with his disciples, compiled Sun Bin’s Art of War, and based on his military stratagems, created the Sun Bin Boxing Method, which was passed on orally and secretly.
《孙膑兵法》大约在东汉末年失传,后人对《孙膑兵法》是否存在一直存疑,直到1972年4月,在山东临沂银雀山汉墓出土了《孙膑兵法》竹简,这千古疑问才有定论。孙膑拳是否确为孙膑所创,也只能等待相关文物、古籍的出现来解疑答惑了。
Sun Bin’s Art of War was lost by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty so later generations were skeptical about its existence, up until April 1972, when the bamboo slips of Sun Bin’s Art of War were unearthed from the Han tombs in Yinquashan, Linyi, Shandong, and this thousand-year-old question was finally settled. Whether or not Sun Bin Boxing was really created by Sun Bin, we likewise can only wait for other relevant cultural relics or ancient books to emerge to help further shed light on the matter.
申遗的成功,由此可见随着社会发展,民间逐步对老一辈的传承有了保护意识,而孙膑拳作为阳谷乃至武术界代表性的拳法,在社会上有深远的影响。
Obtaining World Heritage status demonstrates that, with the growth of society, people have gradually developed an air of protection over the cultural inheritance of past generations, and as a representative of Yanggu and the whole martial arts world, Sun Bin Boxing’s impact on society has been both profound and long-lasting.
听说在青岛,大家提起阳谷的杨明斋都会竖大拇指。
I’ve heard in Qingdao that people will give you a thumbs up whenever someone mentions Yang Mingzhai from Yanggu.
请大家广而告之,让更多人了解真实的阳谷,也欢迎更多人提供关于阳谷更多不为人知的正能量故事。
Please spread the word to let more people know about the real Yanggu and also welcome more people to write more positive news about all the lesser-known Yanggu stories.
Translated & edited by ZhongwenTranslation
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